The October 7, 2023 Hamas attack on Israel has upended the tenuous balance of power in the Middle East and initiated a slow-motion, high-intensity conflict that has spread throughout vast geographical areas. While Israel’s wars in Gaza and Lebanon and its exchange of strikes with Iran and the Houthis in Yemen remain the central features of this multifaceted conflict, the weakening of Iran’s Axis of Resistance, and the overthrow of Syria’s Assad regime have added new complexities to the regional security situation. George Lungu provides an in-depth analysis and discussion of the enormous challenges posed by these conflicts and their potential for escalation to regional war and beyond.